Antibiotic Resistance - ability of bacteria to mutate in order
to survive treatment with an antibiotic.
Fat - a nutrient present in dietary sources, which is the predominant provider of energy from nutrients consumed. Fats from both animal and other sources have nine calories per gram. Fat helps the body utilize fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E, and K, and organic plant pigments (carotenoids). Some types of fats, specially fats contained in dairy products, meat, poultry, and some vegetable oils, might raise blood cholesterol levels and heighten the danger of developing coronary illnesses. Other fats, such as fats found primarily in plant-based foods (unsaturated fats), do not cause an increase in blood cholesterol levels. Fats that are found in the diet are a mixture of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fatty acids. Fats are a primary nutrient in a well-balanced diet. They are the source of essential fatty acids, like linoleic acid, which is particularly important to growth and development of infants. Fat prevents skin dryness and roughness, contributes to regulating the way cholesterol is synthesized and absorbed, and is a building block of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that regulate some body processes. One molecule of fat is comprised of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids. Thus, the chemical terminology for fats is triglycerides. Bontril SR - a drug that suppresses the appetite and that which works by acting on the central nervous system.
Food Journal - also known as a food diary, a written record of all food and beverages consumed to cover any specific period by the person maintaining the journal. Such a record may be a valuable tool in customizing nutritional plans. Liter - a measure of capacity in the metric system. One liter = 33.82 ounces.
Guar Gum - also called `guaran`, `guar flour`, and `jaguar gum`, a natural resin made from the seeds of the guar plant that is valuable as a thickening agent that contributes to the homogeneity of a product (stabilizer) in food production systems. Guar gum is utilized as a food additive in cheeses, including process cheese and cheese products, ice cream, and dressings. Anemia - a medical condition that occurs when there are too few or underdeveloped red blood cells (erythrocytes) or the quantity of hemoglobin these red blood cells contain hampers the blood from carrying sufficient oxygen to the cells of the tissues and removing carbon dioxide from them. The majority of anemias are due to a lack of nutrients necessary for normal erythrocyte synthesis, primarily iron (a mineral essential to the formation of hemoglobin), vitamin B-12 (which plays an important role in energy metabolism), and folic acid (a B-complex vitamin). Others are due to various physical ailments, for example hemorrhage (excessive bleeding), inherited deficiencies, chronic illness (illness marked by long duration or frequent recurrence) or due to negative effects of prescribed drugs.
Juvenile Diabetes - a medical condition in which insufficient insulin - or none at all - is produced, typically developing when the person is below 30, and necessitating injections of insulin throughout the patient`s lifespan. Also known as insulin-dependent and type 1 diabetes.
Aerobic Exercise - this is the term for the kind of brisk, continuous use of important muscle groups, which makes one `huff and puff` and drives one`s heart and lungs to operate under greater demands for a period of over 20 minutes. It places demands on the cardiovascular system and, after a period of time, produces noticeable improvements in the blood circulation and cardio-respiratory endurance. Examples of aerobic exercise include walking, swimming, stair climbing, and bike riding.
Weight Management - refers to sustaining body weight at a level that is conducive to good health. Weight management for people who have been overweight includes regular physical exercise and monitoring of the quantity of food consumed.
Oral Hypoglycemic Drug - medications ingested by mouth that encourage the production or augment the action of insulin.
Lysine - an essential, elementary amino acid obtained from many proteins by hydrolysis.
Adequate Intake (AI) - the amount of nutrients that sustains a defined nutritional status, for example normal circulating nutrient values, growth rate, or additional functional indications of sound health.
Low-Calorie Sweeteners - sweeteners that give a sweet flavor with negligible calories or none at all. These are non-nutritive sweeteners, also referred to as intense sweeteners. These sweeteners could all too easily be a substitute for nutritive sweeteners (like sugar) in most foods at a caloric savings of around 16 calories for each teaspoon. Thus, a substantial caloric count could be reduced when low-calorie sweetened foods and beverages are substituted for their full-calorie counterparts. Before getting the approval of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use within the US, intense sweeteners must undergo rigorous safety tests. All FDA-approved low-calorie sweeteners must comply with same safety standards. Children and pregnant women can safely consume these sweeteners. The six intense, low-calorie sweeteners presently authorized for use within the United States are tagatose, sucralose, saccharin, neotame, aspartame, and Ace-K (acesulfame potassium). The FDA is reviewing requests to approve additional low-calorie sweeteners for use in the U.S. food production: alitame and cyclamate. Both have been approved for use within many other nations.
Calorie - the quantity of energy in food required to raise the temperature of one cubic centimeter (1cc) of water at a regular starting temperature by 1 C (one degree Celsius). Calories have now been replaced by kilojoules: 4.2 kilojoules are equivalent to 1 calorie. Foods consist of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Certain beverages also have alcohol. Carbohydrates contain 4 calories for each gram. Proteins contain 16.8 kilojoules (4 calories) for each gram. Alcohol contains 29.4 kilojoules (7 calories) for each gram. Fat contains 37.8 kilojoules (9 calories) per gram.
Beta Cells - the insulin producing cells of the pancreas.
Sugars - the sub-units of simple and complex sugars which can be metabolized by the body to create energy. While several individuals associate sweetness with sucrose or table sugar, table sugar is just one type of sugar which carries a sweet taste. Fruits are natural sources of simple sugars like glucose and fructose; additional foods have sugars, such as high fructose corn syrup, and honey, that are combinations of glucose and fructose. Another simple sugar present in milk, known as lactose, is a combination of galactose (a simple sugar) and glucose. All simple or complex sugars are carbohydrates that contain 4 calories for each gram ingested, and all carbohydrates comprise of 1 or more than 1 simple sugar molecules. After they have been synthesized and absorbed by the body, sugars travel through the blood to body cells, where they are used in the role of the primary fuel for the body, to help metabolize fat, form proteins, or keep them as body reserves to be used when needed. Sugars add more than just sweetness to food. In addition, they provide exclusive functional attributes, like browning and texture as well as enhance the pleasure of relishing a healthy diet. Even though today`s consumer has the choice of an extensive variety of sugars - white sugar, raw sugar (partially refined, coarse brown sugar that contains the natural molasses present in sugarcane), turbinado sugar (partially-refined raw sugar of a pale gold color with a mild brown sugar flavor), brown sugar, honey, corn syrup - there is no notable distinction in the number of calories or amount of nutrition each of these varieties provide, and therefore no benefit of any one variety, nutritionally, over another variety. There also is a lack of scientific confirmation that the body can discern any difference (in taste or effect) between organic sugars or artificial sugars added to edible goods.
Lutein - a kind of carotenoid found in almost all green vegetables, which positively contributes to the health and functioning of the eyes.
Weight Loss Patch - also referred to as a `diet patch`, marketed as an all-in-one product for weight loss. Diet patches are getting to be increasingly popular at present, and numerous `diet patches` are to be found in the market. Nonetheless, different weight loss patches have different attributes (and effects). Such patches can be compared with contraceptive patches, in that the active medicinal ingredients are delivered to the body via the skin. Patches being offered these days seemingly introduce `all-natural` ingredients via the skin directly into the bloodstream. The user merely has to firmly place the patch to an arm, and the ingredients are absorbed transdermally over a period of about 24 hours. This procedure is repeated for several weeks. Claims have been made that the wearer will shed weight at the rate of up to four pounds every week. This diet patch is a relatively risk-free, natural way to control those hunger cravings, while boosting the body`s metabolic processes.
Saturated Fat - a class of fat that is solid at room temperature. Fats that are present in foods are combinations of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and saturated fatty acids (SAFAs). Saturated fat is present in fat-rich dairy products (like whole-cream milk, cream, regular ice cream, butter, processed and natural cheeses), fatty meats (both fresh and processed), the skin and fat of poultry (turkey and chicken), suet, coconut oil, and palm oil. They have the identical caloric count as do monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats (9 calories per gram), and could cause weight gain if not consumed in great moderation. Including high levels of saturated fat in the diet also builds up high levels of cholesterol in the blood and also increases the chances of cardiac disease. The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that people who want to be or remain healthy should eat under ten percent of their total caloric intake from saturated fats daily.
Obesity - unusually high quantity of body weight and body fat that is much more than what is considered healthy: 20 % over normal body weight. An individual`s body weight is affected by a combination of: genetic, biological, behavioral, environmental, cultural, and socioeconomic impacts. Studies on the cause of obesity reveal that the number of calories ingested, regardless of macronutrient source, plays a key role in body weight. For instance, as the percentage of calories coming from fats has dipped in the US diet, there is little evidence that body weight is declining correspondingly. However, studies have indicated that a noticeable cutback in the percentage of fat in the total caloric count should cause a small reduction of body weight in the case of normal-weight and moderately obese individuals. Some scientists suggest that the distribution and amount of an individual`s body fat is an essential determinant of risk of certain diseases and, consequently, should be considered when defining overweight. Abdominal fat has been associated with more adverse health consequences than fat localized around the thighs or hips. Consequently, some health professionals prefer measuring the waist-to-hip ratio in order to help determine if an individual is carrying excess weight.
Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) - a form of cholesterol. It is derived from very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, which are present in the bloodstream. More often referred to as `bad` cholesterol, LDL carries cholesterol to the body cells. Raised levels of LDL are most plainly associated with arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and augment the health risk of heart complications. An LDL reading of below 100 mg/dl is said to be best, 100 - 120 milligrams per deciliter of blood is said to be near or just over normal, 130 - 159 milligrams per deciliter of blood is considered verging on high, 160-189 mg/dl is considered high, while 190 mg/dl or more is said to be extremely high.
Sulphoraphane - an active constituent of cruciferous vegetables (such as cabbage, bok choy, collards), which supplies the health benefits of neutralizing free radicals and perhaps reducing the chances of cancer.
Controlled Experiment - a controlled situation. In this sort of research, test subjects (whether animal or human) are selected according to relevant characteristics, and subsequently randomly assigned to either an experimental group (that will receive the experimental treatment), or a control group (that will not be given the experimental treatment). Such random assignment makes certain that factors referred to as variables, which might have an impact on the results of the study, are apportioned equitably among the groups and therefore cannot lead to inequalities in the result of the treatment under study. The experimental group is next given a treatment (sometimes known as an intervention), and the results are evaluated against the control group, which is not given treatment. A placebo, or false treatment, may be given to the control group. Given that each of the other variables has been controlled, variations between the experimental (treated) and control (non-treated) groups can be ascribed to the treatment being tested.
Behavior Modification - change of behavior by the manipulation of cues and environment that trigger behaviors.
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